Drain and press firm tofu to remove excess water. Cut into 2cm cubes. Heat 2 tbsp vegetable oil in a wok over medium-high heat. Pan-fry tofu cubes until golden brown and crispy on all sides. Remove and set aside.
Cut bitter melons lengthwise, scoop out seeds and white pith. Slice into 0.5cm thick crescent shapes.
In the same wok, add remaining 1 tbsp vegetable oil. Add minced garlic and sliced ginger. Stir-fry until fragrant.
Add fermented black beans and mash lightly with the back of a spoon. Stir-fry for 30 seconds until aromatic.
Add bitter melon slices to the wok and stir-fry for 2-3 minutes until slightly softened.
In a small bowl, combine light soy sauce, dark soy sauce, vegetarian oyster sauce, sugar, and white pepper.
Pour the prepared sauce and water or vegetable broth into the wok. Bring to a simmer.
Return the pan-fried tofu cubes to the wok. Gently stir to coat.
Cover the wok and simmer for 5-7 minutes, allowing the flavors to meld and bitter melon to soften further.
In a small bowl, mix cornstarch with water (for slurry) to create a slurry. Stir into the simmering sauce until it thickens to your desired consistency.
Serve hot with steamed rice.
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