Prepare the bitter melon: Cut bitter melon in half lengthwise, scoop out seeds and white pith. Slice into pieces. Blanch in boiling water for 2-3 minutes to reduce bitterness, then drain and rinse with cold water.
Prepare aromatics: Finely chop fermented black beans. Mince garlic and ginger. Slice red chili (if using).
Sauté aromatics: Heat vegetable oil in a wok or large pan over medium heat. Add chopped fermented black beans, minced garlic, and ginger. Sauté until fragrant, about 1 minute. Add red chili if using.
Combine ingredients and braise: Add bitter melon and tofu puffs to the wok. Stir well to coat. Pour in vegetarian oyster sauce, light soy sauce, sugar, and water/vegetable broth. Bring to a simmer.
Simmer and thicken: Cover the wok and simmer for 15-20 minutes, or until bitter melon is tender and flavors have melded. Stir occasionally.
Thicken the sauce: In a small bowl, mix cornstarch with water to create a slurry. Stir the slurry into the simmering sauce. Cook for another 1-2 minutes until the sauce thickens.
Serve: Transfer the braised bitter melon and tofu puffs to a serving dish. Serve hot with steamed rice.
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